Combined liver-kidney transplant in polycystic diseases: a case report.

Polycystic liver disease, a hereditary pathology, usually manifests as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The many cysts in the liver cause massive hepatomegaly, majorly affecting the patient's quality of life. In cases of refractory symptoms, liver transplantation is the only treatment choice. A 43-year-old woman was followed up as a hepatology outpatient in August 2020, with a progressive increase in abdominal volume, lower limb edema, and cachexia. The patient was diagnosed with polycystic renal and liver disease with massive hepatomegaly in March 2021, a combined kidney-liver transplant. Liver size represented 13% of the patient's corporal composition, weighing 8.6kg. The patient was discharged on the 7th postoperative day with no complications. Only 10-20% of patients with polycystic liver disease have clinical manifestations, most of which result from hepatomegaly. An increase in liver volume deteriorates liver function until the condition becomes end-stage liver disease, as kidney function is already compromised; liver-kidney transplantation remains the only treatment choice. The case described drew significant attention to the massive hepatomegaly presented in the patient, with the liver representing over 10% of the patient's body weight, approximately five to six times larger than a normal-sized liver.

Combined liver-kidney transplant in polycystic diseases: a case report

ABSTRACT Polycystic liver disease, a hereditary pathology, usually manifests as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The many cysts in the liver cause massive hepatomegaly, majorly affecting the patient's quality of life. In cases of refractory symptoms, liver transplantation is the only treatment choice. A 43-year-old woman was followed up as a hepatology outpatient in August 2020, with a progressive increase in abdominal volume, lower limb edema, and cachexia. The patient was diagnosed with polycystic renal and liver disease with massive hepatomegaly in March 2021, a combined kidney-liver transplant. Liver size represented 13% of the patient's corporal composition, weighing 8.6kg. The patient was discharged on the 7th postoperative day with no complications. Only 10-20% of patients with polycystic liver disease have clinical manifestations, most of which result from hepatomegaly. An increase in liver volume deteriorates liver function until the condition becomes end-stage liver disease, as kidney function is already compromised; liver-kidney transplantation remains the only treatment choice. The case described drew significant attention to the massive hepatomegaly presented in the patient, with the liver representing over 10% of the patient's body weight, approximately five to six times larger than a normal-sized liver.

Use of Liver Grafts From Deceased Organ Donors With Infectious Diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplant is the only option in reversing liver insufficiency and its complications. It is very important to realize the quality control of organs and tissues used in transplant, as well as to develop diagnostic, treatment, and prophylaxis techniques to prevent other comorbidities and to increase the survival of transplanted patients. OBJECTIVES: The study describes the characteristics of liver transplant using organs with infectious diseases realized by Liver Transplantation Unit (LTU) of the University Hospital Oswaldo Cruz (UHOC). METHODS: The methodology is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study, with a quantitative approach of all patients submitted for liver transplantation between 2013 and 2017. The research was realized at LTU ambulatory of the UHOC from the analysis of medical records using a semistructured collect instrument for the information acquisition. RESULTS: Researchers analyzed 127 medical records, 85% of which had transmissible diseases and 15% of which had infectious diseases. Of the infectious diseases, it was observed that 85% were syphilis (16 cases), followed by 10% with Chagas disease and 5% with cytomegalovirus (CMV). The transplant outcomes showed that 68% of organ receptors with infectious diseases achieved good recovery. CONCLUSION: Organ transplant for those with infectious diseases is a treatment option to improve the life quality of people at any age who present with a chronic disease, where its use has been an alternative well accepted due to the shortage of livers for transplants.

Dissection of the Hepatic Artery: A Rare Cause of Late Ischemia After Liver Transplant.

Hepatic artery dissection is an infrequent vascular complication that can arise after orthotopic liver transplant. Most patients with this complication are diagnosed during the intraoperative period or the first days after liver transplant, with an association shown with living-donor liver transplant. In this study, we discuss a rare case of an extrahepatic artery dissection that was successfully managed through surgical excision and arterial revascularization that was diagnosed 4 years after orthotopic liver transplant. Furthermore, we hypothesize on the potential causes of its occurrence.

UPPER MIDLINE INCISION IN RECIPIENTS OF DECEASED-DONORS LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplant (LT) is the only effective and long-lasting option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Innovations and refinements in surgical techniques occurred with the advent of transplants with partial grafts and laparoscopy. Despite these modifications, the abdominal incision remains with only few changes. AIM: Demonstrate the experience with the upper midline incision in LT recipients with whole liver grafts from deceased donors. METHODS: Retrospective study with patients submitted to LT. Data were collected from the recipients who performed the surgical procedure through the upper midline incision. RESULTS: The upper midline incision was used in 20 LT, 19 of which were performed in adult recipients. The main cause was liver disease secondary to alcohol. Male, BMI>25 kg/m² and MELD greater than 20 were prevalent in the study. Biliary complications occurred in two patients. Hemoperitoneum was an indication for reoperation at one of the receptors. Complication of the surgical wound occurred in two patients, who presented superficial surgical site infection and evisceration (omental). Two re-transplant occurred in the first postoperative week due to severe graft dysfunction and hepatic artery thrombosis, which were performed with the same incision, without the need to increase surgical access. There were two deaths due to severe graft dysfunction after re-transplant in 72 h and respiratory sepsis with multiple organ dysfunction in the third week. CONCLUSION: The upper midline incision can be safely used in LT recipients with whole grafts from deceased donors. However, receptor characteristics and hepatic graft size should be considered in the option of abdominal surgical access.

Schistosomal liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma - case series of patients submitted to liver transplantation

ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis affects approximately 207 million people in 76 countries. The association between hepatocellular carcinoma and Schistosoma mansoni infection has been investigated. Studies using animal models suggest that the parasite may accelerate the oncogenic process when combined with other factors, such as hepatitis C virus infection or exposure to a carcinogen. Herein, we report a case series of six hepatocellular carcinoma patients from Northeast Brazil, with negative serology for both hepatitis B and C virus, submitted to liver transplantation, whose explant showed evidence of schistosomal liver fibrosis. Since all patients enrolled in this study were submitted to liver transplantation, we were able to access the whole explanted liver and perform histopathological analysis, which is often not possible in other situations. Although 50% of them showed signs of liver failure, no cirrhosis or any liver disease other than schistosomal fibrosis had been detected. These uncommon findings suggest that Schistosoma mansoni infection might predispose to hepatocellular carcinoma development, regardless of the absence of other risk factors.

Schistosomal liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma - case series of patients submitted to liver transplantation.

Schistosomiasis affects approximately 207 million people in 76 countries. The association between hepatocellular carcinoma and Schistosoma mansoni infection has been investigated. Studies using animal models suggest that the parasite may accelerate the oncogenic process when combined with other factors, such as hepatitis C virus infection or exposure to a carcinogen. Herein, we report a case series of six hepatocellular carcinoma patients from Northeast Brazil, with negative serology for both hepatitis B and C virus, submitted to liver transplantation, whose explant showed evidence of schistosomal liver fibrosis. Since all patients enrolled in this study were submitted to liver transplantation, we were able to access the whole explanted liver and perform histopathological analysis, which is often not possible in other situations. Although 50% of them showed signs of liver failure, no cirrhosis or any liver disease other than schistosomal fibrosis had been detected. These uncommon findings suggest that Schistosoma mansoni infection might predispose to hepatocellular carcinoma development, regardless of the absence of other risk factors.

Upper midline incision in recipients of deceased-donors liver transplantation / Incisão mediana superior em receptores de transplantes de fígado de doadores falecidos

ABSTRACT Background: Liver transplant (LT) is the only effective and long-lasting option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Innovations and refinements in surgical techniques occurred with the advent of transplants with partial grafts and laparoscopy. Despite these modifications, the abdominal incision remains with only few changes. Aim: Demonstrate the experience with the upper midline incision in LT recipients with whole liver grafts from deceased donors. Methods: Retrospective study with patients submitted to LT. Data were collected from the recipients who performed the surgical procedure through the upper midline incision. Results: The upper midline incision was used in 20 LT, 19 of which were performed in adult recipients. The main cause was liver disease secondary to alcohol. Male, BMI>25 kg/m² and MELD greater than 20 were prevalent in the study. Biliary complications occurred in two patients. Hemoperitoneum was an indication for reoperation at one of the receptors. Complication of the surgical wound occurred in two patients, who presented superficial surgical site infection and evisceration (omental). Two re-transplant occurred in the first postoperative week due to severe graft dysfunction and hepatic artery thrombosis, which were performed with the same incision, without the need to increase surgical access. There were two deaths due to severe graft dysfunction after re-transplant in 72 h and respiratory sepsis with multiple organ dysfunction in the third week. Conclusion: The upper midline incision can be safely used in LT recipients with whole grafts from deceased donors. However, receptor characteristics and hepatic graft size should be considered in the option of abdominal surgical access.

RESUMO Racional: O transplante de fígado (TF) é a única opção eficaz e duradoura para os pacientes com doença hepática em estágio terminal. Inovações e refinamentos nas técnicas cirúrgicas ocorreram com o advento dos transplantes com enxertos parciais e da laparoscopia. Apesar dessas modificações, a incisão abdominal permanece sem grandes mudanças. Objetivo: Demonstrar a experiência com a incisão mediana superior nos receptores de TF com enxertos hepáticos inteiros provenientes de doadores falecidos. Método: É estudo retrospectivo entre os pacientes submetidos ao TF. Foram coletados os dados dos receptores que realizaram o procedimento cirúrgico através da incisão mediana superior . Resultados: Essa incisão foi utilizada em 20 TF, sendo 19 realizados em receptores adultos. A principal causa foi a doença hepática secundária ao álcool. O gênero masculino, IMC>25 kg/m² e o MELD superior a 20 foram prevalentes no estudo. Complicações biliares ocorreram em dois pacientes. Hemoperitônio foi indicação de reoperação em um dos receptores. Complicação da ferida cirúrgica ocorreu em dois pacientes, que apresentaram infecção de sítio cirúrgico superficial e evisceração (omental). Ocorreram dois re-transplantes na primeira semana de pós-operatório devido à disfunção grave do enxerto e à trombose da artéria hepática, sendo realizados com a mesma incisão, sem a necessidade de ampliar o acesso cirúrgico. Ocorreram dois óbitos por disfunção grave do enxerto após o re-transplante em 72 h e sepse respiratória com disfunção de múltiplos órgãos na terceira semana. Conclusão: A incisão mediana superior pode ser utilizada com segurança em receptores de TF com enxertos inteiros provenientes de doadores falecidos. Entretanto, características do receptor e tamanho do enxerto hepático devem ser considerados na opção do acesso cirúrgico abdominal.

Transplante hepático no tratamento de lesão iatrogênica de via biliar após colecistectomia: um estudo em centro de referência no Nordeste do Brasil / Liver transplantation for treatment of biliary iatrogenic injury after cholecistectomy: a study in reference center in the Northeast of Brazil

Introdução: a lesão iatrogênica de via biliar é uma grave complicação cirúrgica que pode ocorrer durante a realização de colecistectomia. Os pacientes portadores desse tipo de lesão podem evoluir com cirrose biliar secundária a despeito de múltiplos tratamentos cirúrgicos, sendo necessário o transplante hepático como a última opção para tratamento. Objetivo: analisar o perfil dos pacientes em um centro de referência no Nordeste do Brasil submetidos a transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar. Métodos: foram analisados retrospectivamente 730 prontuários na Unidade de Transplante de Fígado do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, no período de 2001 até 2015, e selecionados os oito pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar. Resultados: a idade variou entre 26 e 61 anos, sendo seis indivíduos do sexo feminino. A cirurgia inicial foi a colecistectomia aberta em sete casos e videolaparoscópia em um caso. Em uma oportunidade, a lesão foi identificada durante a colecistectomia. Os sintomas se assemelharam com os descritos na literatura, incluindo colangite de repetição. Quatro pacientes eram portadores de lesão E2 e três de lesão tipo E3 de Strasberg. Seis pacientes já haviam sido submetidos a abordagens cirúrgicas prévias e o tempo entre a lesão inicial e o transplante variou entre três (3) e vinte e seis anos (26). Todos os pacientes eram portadores de Cirrose Biliar Secundária e o tempo na lista de espera para transplante variou entre 111 e 1123 dias. O MELD teve uma média de 16. O transplante foi realizado por técnica convencional em seis casos e Piggyback em dois, sendo a reconstrução por hepaticojejunostomia realizada em todos. Um paciente necessitou de retransplante, evoluindo a óbito. Conclusão: transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar é mais comum naqueles pacientes que demoraram a ser encaminhados para centro de referência e que foram submetidos a múltiplos procedimentos prévios.

Background: iatrogenic bile duct injury is a serious surgical complication that may occur during cholecystectomy.Patients with this type of lesion may develop secondary biliary cirrhosis, despite multiple surgical treatments, requiring liver transplantation as the last measure. Aim: analyze the patients submitted to hepatic transplantation due to iatrogenic bile duct injury in a referral center in the Northeast of Brazil. Results: the age ranged from 26 to 61 years, with six females. The initial surgery was open cholecystectomy in seven cases and videolaparoscopic in one case. In one patient the lesion was identified during cholecystectomy. The symptoms resembled those described in the literature, including recurrent cholangitis. Four patients had E2 lesions and three E3 lesions from Strasberg. Six patients had undergone previous surgical approaches and the time between initial injury and transplantation ranged from three to twenty-six years. All patients had secondary Biliary Cirrhosis and the time on the transplant waiting list varied between 111 and 1123 days. The MELD had an average of 16. The transplantation was performed by conventional technique in six cases and Piggyback in two, and reconstruction by hepaticojejunostomy performed in all. One patient needed a re-transplant and the same patient died one year later. Conclusion: hepatic transplantation due to iatrogenic bile duct injury is more common in those patients who were delayed to be referred to a referral center and who underwent multiple previous surgical procedures.

ANATOMIC VARIATIONS OF HEPATIC ARTERY: A STUDY IN 479 LIVER TRANSPLANTATIONS.

BACKGROUND:: The incidence of anatomic variations of hepatic artery ranges from 20-50% in different series. Variations are especially important in the context of liver orthotopic transplantation, since, besides being an ideal opportunity for surgical anatomical study, their precise identification is crucial to the success of the procedure. AIM:: To identify the anatomical variations in the hepatic arterial system in hepatic transplantation. METHODS:: 479 medical records of transplanted adult patients in the 13-year period were retrospectively analyzed, and collected data on hepatic arterial anatomy of the deceased donor. RESULTS:: It was identified normal hepatic arterial anatomy in 416 donors (86.84%). The other 63 patients (13.15%) showed some variation. According to the Michels classification, the most frequently observed abnormalities were: right hepatic artery branch of superior mesenteric artery (Type III, n=27, 5.63%); left hepatic artery branch of the left gastric artery (Type II, n=13, 2.71%); right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery associated with the left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery (Type IV, n=4, 0.83%). Similarly, in relation to Hiatt classification, the most prevalent changes were: right hepatic accessory artery or substitute of the superior mesenteric artery (Type III, n=28, 6.05%)), followed by liver ancillary left artery or replacement of gastric artery left (Type II, n=16, 3.34. Fourteen donors (2.92%) showed no anatomical abnormalities defined in classifications, the highest frequency being hepatomesenteric trunk identified in five (01.04%). CONCLUSION:: Detailed knowledge of the variations of hepatic arterial anatomy is of utmost importance to surgeons who perform approaches in this area, particularly in liver transplantation, since their identification and proper management are critical to the success of the procedure. RACIONAL:: A incidência das variações anatômicas da artéria hepática varia de 20-50% em diferentes casuísticas. Elas são especialmente importantes no contexto do transplante ortotópico hepático, visto que, além de representar oportunidade ideal para seu estudo anatômico cirúrgico, a sua precisa identificação é determinante para o sucesso do procedimento. OBJETIVO:: Identificar as variações anatômicas no sistema arterial hepático em transplantes hepáticos. MÉTODO:: Foram analisados retrospectivamente, no período de 13 anos, 479 prontuários de pacientes adultos transplantados, sendo coletados dados referentes à anatomia arterial hepática do doador falecido. RESULTADOS:: Identificou-se anatomia arterial hepática normal em 416 doadores (86,84%). Os outros 63 indivíduos (13,15%) apresentaram alguma variação. De acordo com a classificação de Michels, as anomalias mais frequentes foram: artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior (Tipo III, n=27, 5,63%); artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo II, n=13, 2,71%); artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior associada à artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo IV, n=4, 0,83%). Do mesmo modo, em relação à Classificação de Hiatt, as variações mais prevalentes foram: artéria hepática direita acessória ou substituta da artéria mesentérica superior (Tipo III, n=28, 6,05%), seguida da artéria hepática esquerda acessória ou substituta da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo II, n=16, 3,34%). Quatorze pessoas (2,92%) apresentaram alterações anatômicas sem classificação definida, sendo a de maior frequência o tronco hepatomesentérico, identificado em cinco (1,04%). CONCLUSÃO:: O conhecimento detalhado das variações da anatomia arterial hepática é de grande importância aos cirurgiões que realizam abordagens nessa região, em especial no transplante hepático, visto que sua identificação e correto manejo são fundamentais para o êxito do procedimento.

Anatomic variations of hepatic artery: a study in 479 liver transplantations / Variações da anatomia arterial hepática: estudo em 479 transplantes hepáticos

ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of anatomic variations of hepatic artery ranges from 20-50% in different series. Variations are especially important in the context of liver orthotopic transplantation, since, besides being an ideal opportunity for surgical anatomical study, their precise identification is crucial to the success of the procedure. Aim: To identify the anatomical variations in the hepatic arterial system in hepatic transplantation. Methods: 479 medical records of transplanted adult patients in the 13-year period were retrospectively analyzed, and collected data on hepatic arterial anatomy of the deceased donor. Results: It was identified normal hepatic arterial anatomy in 416 donors (86.84%). The other 63 patients (13.15%) showed some variation. According to the Michels classification, the most frequently observed abnormalities were: right hepatic artery branch of superior mesenteric artery (Type III, n=27, 5.63%); left hepatic artery branch of the left gastric artery (Type II, n=13, 2.71%); right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery associated with the left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery (Type IV, n=4, 0.83%). Similarly, in relation to Hiatt classification, the most prevalent changes were: right hepatic accessory artery or substitute of the superior mesenteric artery (Type III, n=28, 6.05%)), followed by liver ancillary left artery or replacement of gastric artery left (Type II, n=16, 3.34. Fourteen donors (2.92%) showed no anatomical abnormalities defined in classifications, the highest frequency being hepatomesenteric trunk identified in five (01.04%). Conclusion: Detailed knowledge of the variations of hepatic arterial anatomy is of utmost importance to surgeons who perform approaches in this area, particularly in liver transplantation, since their identification and proper management are critical to the success of the procedure.

RESUMO Racional: A incidência das variações anatômicas da artéria hepática varia de 20-50% em diferentes casuísticas. Elas são especialmente importantes no contexto do transplante ortotópico hepático, visto que, além de representar oportunidade ideal para seu estudo anatômico cirúrgico, a sua precisa identificação é determinante para o sucesso do procedimento. Objetivo: Identificar as variações anatômicas no sistema arterial hepático em transplantes hepáticos. Método: Foram analisados retrospectivamente, no período de 13 anos, 479 prontuários de pacientes adultos transplantados, sendo coletados dados referentes à anatomia arterial hepática do doador falecido. Resultados: Identificou-se anatomia arterial hepática normal em 416 doadores (86,84%). Os outros 63 indivíduos (13,15%) apresentaram alguma variação. De acordo com a classificação de Michels, as anomalias mais frequentes foram: artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior (Tipo III, n=27, 5,63%); artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo II, n=13, 2,71%); artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior associada à artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo IV, n=4, 0,83%). Do mesmo modo, em relação à Classificação de Hiatt, as variações mais prevalentes foram: artéria hepática direita acessória ou substituta da artéria mesentérica superior (Tipo III, n=28, 6,05%), seguida da artéria hepática esquerda acessória ou substituta da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo II, n=16, 3,34%). Quatorze pessoas (2,92%) apresentaram alterações anatômicas sem classificação definida, sendo a de maior frequência o tronco hepatomesentérico, identificado em cinco (1,04%). Conclusão: O conhecimento detalhado das variações da anatomia arterial hepática é de grande importância aos cirurgiões que realizam abordagens nessa região, em especial no transplante hepático, visto que sua identificação e correto manejo são fundamentais para o êxito do procedimento.

Modified technique for preparation of venous circulation resin casts in the cirrhotic liver.

This study describes two major adaptations for the preparation of resin casts in human cirrhotic liver, harvested at the time of transplantation. The first is the way of fixing the catheter in the ostia of the hepatic and portal veins through a cerclage, so as to prevent displacement of the catheter and / or leakage of the resin during its injection. The second is the extension of corrosion time in the NaOH solution, averaging 6.8 days, with daily replacement the solution until complete removal of parenchymal tissue. We applied the method in 14 cirrhotic livers, with good filling and coloring of the portal and hepatic vein territories, using different colors. This allows an anatomical study of these vessels, able to complement the knowledge of the histopathology in research work, and the planning of therapeutic procedures, such as the Trans-Jugular Intrahepatic Port-Systemic Shunt (TIPS). RESUMO Este estudo descreve duas importantes adaptações para o preparo de moldes de resina em fígado humano cirrótico, captado no momento do transplante: a primeira, é a maneira de fixação dos cateteres nos "óstios" das veias hepáticas e porta, através de uma "cerclagem" dos mesmos, de modo a evitar o deslocamento do cateter e/ou extravasamento da resina durante sua injeção, e a segunda, é o prolongamento do tempo de corrosão na solução de NaOH, atingindo a média de 6,8 dias, com a substituição diária da solução, até a remoção completa do tecido parenquimatoso. O método foi empregado em 14 fígados cirróticos com bom preenchimento e coloração dos territórios das veias porta e hepáticas, utilizando cores distintas. Isto permite um estudo anatômico desses vasos, capaz de complementar os conhecimentos da histopatologia em trabalhos de pesquisa, e planejar procedimentos terapêuticos como a derivação porto-sistêmica intra-hepática transjugular (TIPS - Transjugular Intrahepatic Postosystemic Shunt).

Transplante de fígado em paciente com hepatocarcinoma fibrolamelar - relato de caso / Liver transplantation in patient with fibromellar hepatocarcinoma - case report

O hepatocarcinoma fibrolamelar (HCC-FL), variante do hepatocarcinoma (HCC), é uma neoplasia rara, responsável por 0,6-8,6% das neoplasias de origem no hepatócito. O diagnóstico é feito através de exames de imagem e confirmado pelo exame anatomopatológico. O transplante de fígado (TF) apresenta-se como tratamento curativo do HCC-FL. Neste relato, documentou-se um caso de hepatocarcinoma fibrolamelar irressecável tratado, de maneira curativa, com o transplante de fígado.

Fibrolamellar hepatocelullar carcinoma (FHCC), a variant of conventional hepatocelullar neoplasms originated in the carcinoma, is a rare neoplasm, responsible for 0.8-8.6% of all hepatocarcinomas. Diagnose is performed through image scans and confirmed through the anatomopatological examination. Liver ressection and liver transplantation are shown as a curative treatment for the FHCC. In this report, we documented a case of unresectable fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma curatively treated with liver transplantation.

ACUTE APENDICITIS IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is a common cause of emergency surgery that in the population undergoing organ transplantation presents a rare incidence due to late diagnosis and treatment. AIM: To report the occurrence of acute appendicitis in a cohort of liver transplant recipients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis in a period of 12 years among 925 liver transplants, in witch five cases of acute appendicitis were encountered. RESULTS: Appendicitis occurred between three and 46 months after liver transplantation. The age ranged between 15 and 58 years. There were three men and two women. The clinical presentations varied, but not discordant from those found in non-transplanted patients. Pain was a symptom found in all patients, in two cases well located in the right iliac fossa (40%). Two patients had symptoms characteristic of peritoneal irritation (40%) and one patient had abdominal distention (20%). All patients were submitted to laparotomies. In 20% there were no complications. In 80% was performed appendectomy complicated by suppuration (40%) or perforation (40%). Superficial infection of the surgical site occurred in two patients, requiring clinical management. The hospital stay ranged from 48 h to 45 days. CONCLUSION: Acute appendicitis after liver transplantation is a rare event being associated with a high rate of drilling, due to delays in diagnosis and therapy, and an increase in hospital stay.

Acute apendicitis in liver transplant recipients / Apendicite aguda em receptores de transplante de fígado

Background: Appendicitis is a common cause of emergency surgery that in the population undergoing organ transplantation presents a rare incidence due to late diagnosis and treatment. Aim: To report the occurrence of acute appendicitis in a cohort of liver transplant recipients. Methods: Retrospective analysis in a period of 12 years among 925 liver transplants, in witch five cases of acute appendicitis were encountered. Results: Appendicitis occurred between three and 46 months after liver transplantation. The age ranged between 15 and 58 years. There were three men and two women. The clinical presentations varied, but not discordant from those found in non-transplanted patients. Pain was a symptom found in all patients, in two cases well located in the right iliac fossa (40%). Two patients had symptoms characteristic of peritoneal irritation (40%) and one patient had abdominal distention (20%). All patients were submitted to laparotomies. In 20% there were no complications. In 80% was performed appendectomy complicated by suppuration (40%) or perforation (40%). Superficial infection of the surgical site occurred in two patients, requiring clinical management. The hospital stay ranged from 48 h to 45 days. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis after liver transplantation is a rare event being associated with a high rate of drilling, due to delays in diagnosis and therapy, and an increase in hospital stay.

Racional: Apendicite é causa comum de emergência cirúrgica, que na população de indivíduos submetidos ao transplante de órgãos possui incidência rara e atrasos no diagnóstico são frequentes. Objetivo: Relatar a ocorrência de apendicite aguda em uma coorte de pacientes receptores de transplante hepático. Método: Foram analisados retrospectivamente, no período de 12 anos casuística de 925 transplantes de fígado, onde cinco casos de apendicite aguda foram encontrados. Resultados: O aparecimento da apendicite ocorreu entre 3 e 46 meses após o transplante, a idade variou entre 15 e 58 anos; três eram homens (60%) e duas mulheres (40%). As apresentações clínicas foram variadas, mas não discordantes daquelas encontradas em pacientes não transplantados. Dor foi achado presente em todos os pacientes, sendo em dois bem localizada em fossa ilíaca direita (40%). Dois deles apresentaram sintomatologia característica de irritação peritoneal (40%) e um distensão abdominal (20%). Todos foram abordados por laparotomia. Em 20% não houve complicações e em 80% foram realizadas apendicectomias complicadas por supuração (40%) ou perfuração (40%). Infecção do sítio cirúrgico superficial ocorreu em dois pacientes tratados clinicamente. O tempo de alta hospitalar variou de 48 h a 45 dias. Conclusão: A apendicite aguda após transplante hepático é evento raro. Associa-se com alta taxa de perfuração decorrente aos atrasos no diagnóstico e tratamento. Cursa com mais longo internamento hospitalar.

Estudo de gene da lectina ligadora de manose em doador falecido e transplante de fígado - relato de caso / Gene study of mannose-binding lectin in deceased donor and liver transplantation - case report

A hepatite autoimune é uma doença de curso crônico e etiologia ainda não esclarecida, que em alguns casos evolui para falência hepática aguda, condição em que o tratamento definitivo é o transplante hepático. Assumidos todos os riscos da cirurgia, restam ainda outras variáveis que concorrem para o êxito do tratamento, como a influência do sistema imune. Dentre essas, uma alteração na formação da lectina ligadora de manose (MBL), presente no fígado do doador, está relacionada a uma maior predisposição do receptor a eventos infecciosos. Relata-se o caso de uma paciente de 18 anos, submetida ao transplante hepático por falência hepática aguda, que, no pós-operatório, apresentou choque séptico de origem desconhecida, evoluindo a óbito. O doador foi genotipado com polimorfismo da MBL relacionado a níveis intermediários ou baixos de MBL sérica. Complicações infecciosas pós-transplantes continuam sendo frequentes nos receptores de órgãos. Assim, a utilização de parâmetros modificadores de resposta imune, como a MBL, poderá ajudar a melhorar o prognóstico desses pacientes.

Autoimmune hepatitisis mostly a chronic disease, which etiology remains unclear, progressing in some cases to acute liver failure, a condition whose definitive treatmentis liver transplantation. Assume dallrisks of surgery, there are still other variables that contribute to the success of the treatment, as the influence of the immune system. Among these, a change in the formation of mannose bindin glectin (MBL), present in the do nor liver, is related to increased predisposition to infectious events in the receptor. It is reported a case of a 18 year old patient who under went liver transplantation for acute liver failure, which evolved post operatively to septics hockofunk now no riginand death. The liver donor was genotyped with polymorphis mof MBL, related to intermediate or low level sof sérum MBL. Post-operative infectious complications remain common in organ recipients. Thus, the use of modified parameters in immune response, such as MBL, may help to improve the prognosis of these patients.

Abscesso hepático por Klebsiella pneumoniae e suas complicações sistêmicas / Liver abscess by Klebsiella pneumoniae and its systemic complication

Abscesso hepático por Klebsiella pneumoniae é incomum em países ocidentais e tem sido associado a complicações severas, sobretudo em pacientes diabéticos. A manifestação clínico-laboratorial da doença é inespecífica. Endoftalmite é uma rara complicação de septicemia por Klebsiella pneumoniae. Atraso terapêutico pode resultar em perda visual acentuada e irreversível. Relatamos um caso de abscesso hepático por Klebsiella pneumoniae complicado com endoftalmite, embolia pulmonar séptica e endocardite em homem diabético.

Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess is unco mmon in western countries and has been associated with severe complications, especially in diabetic patients. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of the disease are nonspecific. Endophthalmitis is a rare complication of septicemia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Therapeutic delay can result in severe and irreversible visual loss. We report a case of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess complicated by endophthalmitis, septic pulmonary emboli and endocarditis in diabetic man.

Alterações angiográficas e pressóricas determinadas pela esplenectomia e ligadura da veia gástrica esquerda em portadores de esquistossomose mansônica / Angiografic and pressoric changes determined by splenectomy with left gastric vein ligature in mansoni schistosomiasis

RACIONAL: Na esquistossomose mansônica na forma hepatoesplênica ocorre fibrose hepática difusa que associada à congestão venosa do sistema porta resulta em hepatoesplenomegalia. Pode produzir hemorragia digestiva alta por rotura das varizes de esôfago e do estômago ou lesões pépticas da mucosa gastroduodenal. OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos da esplenectomia e ligadura da veia gástrica esquerda sobre a hemodinâmica portohepática. MÉTODO: Vinte e três portadores de esquistossomose mansônica na forma hepatoesplênica foram estudados prospectivamente, antes e cerca de duas semanas após a operação, através de estudos angiográficos dos diâmetros da artéria hepática comum e própria, artéria esplênica, artéria mesentérica superior, veia porta, veia mesentérica superior e veia gástrica esquerda. Foram aferidas as pressões da veia cava inferior, venosa central, da veia hepática livre, da veia hepática ocluída e sinusoidal. RESULTADOS: A ligadura da veia gástrica esquerda determinou acréscimo significante nas seguintes variáveis: diâmetros da artéria hepática comum e própria; diâmetro da veia mesentérica superior; o acréscimo não foi significante nas seguintes medidas: pressão venosa central e diâmetro da artéria mesentérica superior. Ela promoveu decréscimo não significante nas variáveis: pressão da veia cava inferior; pressão da veia hepática livre; pressão da veia hepática ocluída; pressão sinusoidal; diâmetro da veia porta. CONCLUSÃO: A ligadura da veia gástrica esquerda, na maioria dos casos, não determina alterações hemodinâmicas significantes do sistema porta capazes de quebrar o equilíbrio hemodinâmico funcional, que caracteriza a esquistossomose mansônica na forma hepatoesplênica.

BACKGROUND: In hepatosplenic schistosomiasis occurs diffuse hepatic fibrosis associated with venous congestion of the portal system resulting in hepatosplenomegaly. It can produce digestive hemorrhage caused by rupture of esophageal and stomach varices or peptic gastroduodenal mucosal lesions. AIM: To study the effects of splenectomy and ligature of the left gastric vein on portohepatic hemodynamics. METHOD: Twenty-three patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni were studied before and about two weeks after operation through angiographic diameter of the common and proper hepatic artery, splenic artery, superior mesenteric artery, portal vein, superior mesenteric vein and left gastric vein. The pressures of the inferior vena cava and central venous pressure, free hepatic vein, the hepatic sinusoidal and occluded vein were measured. RESULTS: The splenectomy and ligature of the left gastric vein determined low morbidity and null mortality. It determined significant addition to the following variables: diameters of the common and proper hepatic artery; diameter of the superior mesenteric vein. It determined non significant increase on the following measurements: right atrial pressure and diameter of the superior mesenteric artery. It determined non significant decrease to the following variables: inferior vena cava pressure; free hepatic vein pressure; occluded hepatic vein pressure; sinusoidal pressure, diameter of the portal vein. CONCLUSION: Splenectomy and ligature of the left gastric vein do not determine portal hemodynamic changes capable of breaking the functional hemodinamic balance that characterizes the hepatosplenic mansoni schistosomiasis.